From 1498 he was secretary of the Ten, the executive council of the Republic of Florence. He was sent on verso number of important diplomatic missions. Con 1512, after the restoration of the tyranny of the Medici, Machiavelli was removed from office and exiled preciso his caldo near Florence.
Machiavelli’s most important works are the Discourses on the First Decina of Titus Livy (1531; Russian translation, 1869), The Prince (1532; Russian translation, 1869; also published sopra Russian under the title Kniaz‘ con Machiavelli, Soch., vol. 1, 1934), and the History of Florence (1532; Russian translation, 1973). His secular, rather than theological, approach preciso the problem of the state was an important contribution sicuro the history of the political ideas of the Renaissance. Basing his rete di emittenti on historical scadenza, on the analysis of human psychology, and on verso consideration of the real facts of a real situation, Machiavelli tried to discover the laws of affable development. Marx classified Machiavelli as one of supporto sudy the political thinkers who “began esatto view the state through human eyes and deduce its natural laws from reason and experience and not from theology” (K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd e., vol. 1,p. 111).
According sicuro him, per strong personality is capable of counteracting “fortune” or coincidence (which plays an important role mediante history) with energy and shrewdness. (Per number of features that are typical of the Renaissance point of view are evident mediante the pensiero of per struggle between personal “valor,” or virtu, and “fortune.”) Machiavelli believed that rulers are assured of success if they thoroughly consider all circumstances and are flexible enough sicuro alter a policy to conform with a particular situation.
Like most of the humanists, Machiavelli believed that man has powerful creative potentialities
Although he considered a republic the best form of state, Machiavelli was convinced that the realities of the situation per Italy (continuous hostility among the Italian states, which were subject esatto attacks by foreign powers) required absolutism. Only under per strong sovereign would it be possible preciso create an independent Italian state, free of foreign oppression. Machiavelli believed that any means of strengthening the state were admissible, including violence, murder, deception, and treachery. This is the origin of the term “Machiavellianism,” which signifies verso policy that disregards the laws of morality. He sharply condemned the policy pursued by the feudal nobility and, especially, by the papacy, because it produced constant discord and prevented the formation of a united Italian state. At the same time, however, he feared the “rabble” (plebs), who were easily drawn into adventurist schemes. He favored the middle and upper strata of the commercial and artisan population of the Italian towns (the “people,” or comunita).
An impassioned patriot who believed that Italy’s misfortunes were chiefly the result of its political disunity, he created a theoretical state breviligne, mediante his opinion, of overcoming disunity
As verso historian Machiavelli made an important contribution sicuro the development of historiography. He sought sicuro discover historical laws and the underlying causes of events. Convinced of the immutability of human nature, he viewed history as per clash of “eternal” passions and interests, of individuals and estates. He considered the political struggle, which was often portrayed in his works as per accommodant class struggle, the most important motive force sopra history.
Machiavelli wrote carnival songs, sonnets, short stories, and other literary works. The most outstanding of them is the comedy Mandragola (Russian translation, 1924), which sharply castigates the manners of 15th-century Florence. Per particular, the comedy attacks the hypocrisy and corruption of the church. The comedy is distinguished by the purposefulness, will, and activism of its characters. Machiavelli enriched Italian literature with a clear, succinct prose, free of rhetorical embellishments.
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